We compared the 24 complete plastid genomes of 18 genera in Salicaceae s.l. However, phylogenetic analyses focusing on Salicaceae s.l. Willows (in the Salicaceae family) are fast-growing large trees, most common in wetlands and along stream banks where the interlacing roots will hold back soil and prevent erosion. The two lineages are important ber . Many parallel losses of infA from chloroplast DNA during angiosperm evolution with multiple independent transfers to the nucleus. References. The species with * are previous published plastid genomes, and the species with ** are outgroups. Black Willow can distinguished,sinceboth leaf surfaces areshiny green. They saw in the flower the passion of Christ: the three stigmas represented the nails of the Crucifixion; the five anthers, the five wounds; the corona, the crown of thorns; and the five sepals and five petals together, the 10 apostles held by religious tradition to have been present at the Crucifixion. This plant supports Viceroy (Limenitis archippus) larvae which has two to three broods from May-September. Passiflora (525 species, including the former genera Hollrungia and Tetrapathae) is found mostly in tropical and warm temperate regions of the Americas; a few species grow in Asia and Australia, and one species grows on Madagascar (there are none indigenous to Africa). Your help is appreciated. The species of this family have many uses. Introduction. Salix (Willow) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox Willow Family (Salicaceae) Biology of willows. The Salicaceae family contains the sister genera ofSalix(willows) and Populus (poplars), which are dieciouscatkin-bearing woody plants. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Web World Portal | Web World Tunnel Discover thousands of Phylogenetic relationships of American willows (Salix L., Salicaceae) Resources. Next, we conducted whole genome alignment using the program mVISTA (Populus euphratica as reference), and the results showed that both the content and order of the genes were highly conserved in the Salicaceae s.l. Huang D.I., Cronk Q.C.B. Furthermore, we estimated divergence times from the plastome dataset using an approximate likelihood method. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, GUID:CEFB39D4-0466-4BC5-8253-B7D8DA257548, Salicaceae, phylogenetic relationship, plastid genome, comparative genomics, repeat sequences, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK267314","term_id":"1552056756","term_text":"MK267314"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_024681","term_id":"671743850","term_text":"NC_024681"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK281360","term_id":"1809282957","term_text":"MK281360"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK046729","term_id":"1686841460","term_text":"MK046729"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_032060","term_id":"1111670107","term_text":"NC_032060"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK044831","term_id":"1686841634","term_text":"MK044831"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK263737","term_id":"1686841373","term_text":"MK263737"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078146","term_id":"1782762521","term_text":"MN078146"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_037412","term_id":"1381386497","term_text":"NC_037412"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078138","term_id":"1782761685","term_text":"MN078138"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078145","term_id":"1782762411","term_text":"MN078145"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK281365","term_id":"1809209274","term_text":"MK281365"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078135","term_id":"1782761424","term_text":"MN078135"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078144","term_id":"1782762295","term_text":"MN078144"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078143","term_id":"1782762191","term_text":"MN078143"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078137","term_id":"1782761598","term_text":"MN078137"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078136","term_id":"1782761511","term_text":"MN078136"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078140","term_id":"1782761878","term_text":"MN078140"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH937752","term_id":"1686841547","term_text":"MH937752"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078147","term_id":"1782762637","term_text":"MN078147"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH719101","term_id":"1594476444","term_text":"MH719101"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078139","term_id":"1782761775","term_text":"MN078139"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078142","term_id":"1782762092","term_text":"MN078142"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN078141","term_id":"1782761985","term_text":"MN078141"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_038121","term_id":"1436052428","term_text":"NC_038121"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_038122","term_id":"1436052506","term_text":"NC_038122"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_037411.1","term_id":"1381386397","term_text":"NC_037411.1"}}, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_037410.1","term_id":"1381386300","term_text":"NC_037410.1"}}. The poisonous agent, ryanodine, is also an effective insecticide. We also identified five other types of repeats, including 1750 tandems, 434 forward, 407 palindromic, 86 reverse, and 30 complementary repeats. Among them, a total of 1798 SSRs were identified, among which mononucleotide repeat was the most common with 1455 accounts representing 80.92% of the total. The final concatenated dataset, which included 63 protein-coding genes (Table S4) and 51,780 nucleotides, after trimming poorly aligned regions, produced a highly supported topology based on the maximum likelihood (ML) strategy (Figure 5). Xi Z., Ruhfel B.R., Schaefer H., Amorim A.M., Sugumaran M., Wurdack K.J., Endress P.K., Matthews M.L., Stevens P.F., Mathews S. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Both Populus and Salix furnish a number of ornamentals. Distillations of the root of Paropsia (South Africa) and distillations of the twig bark of Smeathmannia (Liberia) are used to relieve toothaches. Most of repeats were located in the non-coding region. Casearia (Casearia decandra Jacq and Casearia velutina) was the only genus from Samydoideae in this study and was identified as the basal clade. Willow Creek, Montana. Notes: the * symbols indicate genes with intron(s). If you already know what group your plant is in, start with this . Quaking Aspen. Xiong A.S., Peng R.H., Zhuang J., Gao F., Zhu B., Fu X.Y., Xue Y., Jin X.F., Tian Y.S., Zhao W. Gene duplication, transfer, and evolution in the chloroplast genome. Intergeneric Relationships within the Family Salicaceae s.l. Based on Passifloraceae are mostly woody or herbaceous climbers with unbranched tendrils that arise between the stipules. Uneven selection pressure accelerating divergence of using 63 plastid genes from 26 species. chloroplast genomes. If the bud tips are rounded you have Pacific Willow. Adenia (about 100 species), which is native to tropical Africa and Asia, makes up most of the remaining species in the family. Viola (400600 species) is largely herbaceous and north temperate; Rinorea (160270 species) is pantropical; and Hybanthus (90150 species) is pantropical and warm temperate. Haberle R.C., Fourcade HMBoore J.L., Jansen R.K. Extensive rearrangements in the chloroplast genome of Trachelium caeruleum are associated with repeats and tRNA genes. Note: Identifying the following 6 charactaristic for your specimen will help identify it to species or narrow it down to 2 or 3 choices. There are varied chemicals produced by the family. The family is largely tropical to warm temperate, although there are relatively few species in Malesia and Australia. Most (74.36%) SSR loci were located in the intergenic regions, whereas, 9.07% were in intron and 16.57% were in the protein-coding regions. To reveal potential selective effects of long-term he The species in Salicaceae s.l. Polymorphic simple sequence repeat regions in chloroplast genomes: Applications to the population genetics of pines. P. incarnata has an ingredient used in sedatives, and the flowers of P. x belotii are used to make scent. This data will contribute to further understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among Salicaceae s.l. Salicaceae. Jansen R.K., Raubeson L.A., Boore J.L., Depamphilis C.W., Chumley T.W., Haberle R.C., Wyman S.K., Alverson A.J., Peery R., Herman S.J. Wu F.H., Chan M.T., Liao D.C., Hsu C.T., Lee Y.W., Daniell H., Duvall M.R., Lin C.S. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the family, containing over 1000 species [2]. Help. Pathogenicity and Biological Characteristics of - Plant Disease The Salicaceae family contains the sister genera of Salix (willows) and Populus (poplars), which are diecious catkin-bearing woody plants. was estimated to diverge from the outgroup around 93 Mya. We used the web-based analysis tool REPuter (https://bibiserv.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/reputer) [75] to detect the repeat sequences, including reverse, forward (direct), complement, and palindromic (inverted), with a minimal repeat size of 30 bp and Hamming distance less than or equal to 3 (90% or greater sequence identity). The nectary disc is often well developed and borne outside the stamens. The special spectrum of bacteria found in different host genotypes suggests considerable variability. All images and text Resolution of Brassicaceae Phylogeny Using Nuclear Genes Uncovers Nested Radiations and Supports Convergent Morphological Evolution. Studies indicate that, when used as a long-term tonic, common aspirin can greatly reduce a person's risk of heart disease or colon cancer in later life. Rannala B., Yang Z. Inferring speciation times under an episodic molecular clock. To evaluate the level of sequence divergence, we calculated the percentages of variation using a sliding window approach (Figure 4). Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems:Many types of aphids feed on willows in addition to the willow lace bug. Salicaceae - FNA Bright green, lanceolate to linear leaves with toothed margins. Powell W., Morgante M., Mcdevitt R., Vendramin G.G., Rafalski J.A. List of genes present in the plastid genomes of twenty newly sequenced Salicaceae s.l. Dierckxsens N., Mardulyn P., Smits G. NOVOPlasty: De novo assembly of organelle genomes from whole genome data. Various species of Passiflora from the Neotropics produce passion fruit, especially the banana passion fruit (P. mollissima). De novo Assembly and Characterization of the Fruit Transcriptome of Idesia polycarpa Reveals Candidate Genes for Lipid Biosynthesis. Most of the five types of repeats were concentrated in the intergenic regions (Table S3). Liu L.X., Li R., Worth J.R.P., Li X., Li P., Cameron K.M., Fu C.X. These properties are strongest in the inner bark, but are also present in the leaves. Under the new circumscription, all members of the family are trees or shrubs that have simple leaves with alternate arrangement and temperate members are usually deciduous. Most genera are dioecious, whereas, some are monoecious. Of these, 1455 were mononucleotide repeats accounting for about 80.92% of the total SSRs, while 180 (10.01%), 98 (5.45%), 41 (2.28%), 18 (1.00%), and six (0.33%) were tetra-, di-, tri-, penta-, and hex-nucleotides repeats, respectively. The sepals are greatly reduced or absent, and there are no petals. Huang Y., Jun W., Yongping Y., Chuanzhu F., Jiahui C. Phylogenomic Analysis and Dynamic Evolution of Chloroplast Genomes in Salicaceae. Although several other genera in Salicaceae were mentioned in their research, their main purpose was to determine the relationship of subclades in the genus of Salix and Populus. The divergence between Salicaceae s.l. The family is most common in the tropics and grows worldwide, except for New Zealand, and only a few species are found in Australia. The branches are drawn in proportion to the posterior means of divergence times estimated under the GTR + I + G model with an independent relaxed clock and birthdeath sampling, and the outgroup divergence constraint of 87 to 97 Mya. We mainly aimed to: (1) determine the repeat sequence variations of plastid genomes, (2) examine structural changes in the plastomes of the Salicaceae s.l., and (3) delimit intergeneric relationships within Salicaceae s.l. The complete chloroplast genome of Ginkgo biloba reveals the mechanism of inverted repeat contraction. Mimosoid legume plastome evolution: IR expansion, tandem repeat expansions, and accelerated rate of evolution inclpP. It is Narrow-leaved Willow (S. exigua). Now observe the stipules (leafy growths) at the nodes of the stem. The divergence time between Salicaceae s.l. Family: Salicaceae Mirb. and D.-Y.W. Salicaceae used to include only Salix and Populus, although it was clear that these genera shared properties with other genera (particularly members of Flacourtiaceae), such as similar anatomy, production of phenolic-type compounds (e.g., salicin), and even in the fungi that grew on them. Willows are widely dispersed and occur on all continents except Antarctica, but they are most diverse in cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Check out these books by Thomas J. Elpel: Return to Thomas J. Elpel's The next separation should be based upon the underside of the leaf. Be cautious about planting willows near sewer lines or water pipes, because their roots will naturally gravitate to them. Yang Y., Zhou T., Duan D., Yang J., Feng L., Zhao G. Comparative Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Five Quercus Species. Solitary bees arrive as the small flowers of willows emerge, and other insects also pollinate these plants. Most, if not all, willow species are moisture-loving plants that will seek out underground pipes carrying water. [6], Salicaceae is divided into three subfamilies, with Salicoideae further divided into six tribes.[2][7][8]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The featured species is the most common and widespread of the two. We obtained phylogenetic relationships of 18 genera in Salicaceae s.l. There are more Willow Family pictures at PlantSystematics.org. = 872.58 bp), followed by the SSC regions (s.d. We used this software (Populus euphratica as reference) to discover any significant interspecific and intergeneric variations among plastid genome sequences of Salicaceae s.l. The seed oil of Casearia sylvestris, native to Central and South America, was used to treat leprosy and wounds. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. A total of 131 functional genes with the same order were annotated in each of the newly sequenced plastomes, of which 102 were unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes (Figure 1, Table 2). Jiao Y., Jia H.M., Li X.W., Chai M.L., Jia H.J., Chen Z., Wang G.Y., Chai C.Y., Weg E.V.D., Gao Z.S. There are fivenative willow speciesin Orange County. Note: Numbers in brackets indicate genes duplicated in the IR regions. Salix can also be insect pollinated. species. The total length of the chloroplast genome . The members of this family contain varying amounts of the simple phenol glycosides populin, salicin and methyl salicylate from which the common aspirin was originally derived. Ogihara Y., Terachi T., Sasakuma T. Intramolecular recombination of chloroplast genome mediated by short direct-repeat sequences in wheat species. The ndhF gene was located entirely in the SSC region of 16 species, while in the other eight species it extended into the IRb region (Figure 3). Note: The following chart is adapted from Bruce Bennett (2010): Chart Key for Willows of Tombstone Park. Fresh leaves and silica-gel dried materials were sampled from 20 species representing 14 genera of the family Salicaceae s.l. For the genus Salix, about 450 species have been published and two main subclades have been identified [28,29,30]. Seeds are surrounded by cotton-like hairs that facilitate wind and water dispersal. Gene duplication caused by IR is common in plastomes and is believed to be an important driving force in the evolution of genomes, leading to the creation of new genes and new gene functions [40]. are primarily distributed in cold, tropical, and warm temperate regions and occupy extremely varied habitats [2,3]. Subspecies elevated to species or vice versa. from the NCBI GenBank. Family: Salicaceae - Reed College has been sequenced and stored in the GenBank. There are two species of maua ( Xylosma spp.) P. edulis, the purple granadilla, is probably the most important cultivated species of Passiflora grown in the subtropics. In total, our subsequent comparative analysis included 24 species representing 18 genera of the family Salicaceae s.l. Mono-nucleotide repeats were the most common with 1455 repeats accounting for about 80.92% of the total. Most of the SSR loci were located in the non-coding region, and only 16% of the SSR loci were found in the gene-coding region. The analysis showed that the number of tandem repeats is more than the other repeats, while complementary repeats are the least common in these species. Nectar is secreted usually by appendages of the filaments and collects in a spur formed by the lower petal. A taxonomicaly difficult genus. It grows to a height of 75 to 100 feet and potentially grows as high as 200 feet. Plants of the Willow Family It would be hard to miss the Willow family. Native Plant Trust or respective copyright holders. Comparison of repeat sequences among 24 plastomes. Cottonwood seeds have larger more spherical capsules which open by 3 valves while willow capsules are small and slender, splitting into two valves. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Lin C.P., Wu C.S., Huang Y.Y., Chaw S.M. Seeds are surrounded by cotton-like hairs that facilitate wind and water dispersal. = 217.50 bp). With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology in recent years, the number of complete sequenced plastid genomes has increased rapidly [22]. Molecular work, amply confirmed by the kinds of characters just mentioned, led to much of the old family Flacourtiaceae being included in a much-expanded Salicaceae. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. The clade of Salicoideae is estimated to have originated around 61 Mya. endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Bootstrap values (1000 replications) between different genera are shown at the nodes. according to the calibrations of the species tree constructed on the basis of 63 protein-coding genes. Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life. Our goal is to establish the phylogenetic structure of the genus using molecular data on all American willows, using three If so, it willalso be asmall and very thin leaf. contributed materials and revised the manuscript. Seeds are hairy Click the card to flip Salicaceae family (willow) Click the card to flip 1 / 89 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by vicmeuret The minute seeds have long silky tails that help in wind dispersal. Twigs of Rinorea are used as chew sticks in West African markets. Thiel T., Michalek W., Varshney R.K., Graner A. Exploiting EST databases for the development and characterization of gene-derived SSR-markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We know little about the phylogenetic relationships of the other 48 genera in Salicaceae s.l. Aseel). Dioecious. Most willows and many poplars can reproduce by producing roots when robust stems are placed in wet ground. Wu J., Nyman T., Wang D.C., Argus G.W., Yang Y.P., Chen J.H. Kaundun S.S., Matsumoto S. Heterologous nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite amplification and variation in tea, Camellia sinensis. Willows and poplars are distributed widely in many regions of the world. In total, our subsequent comparative analysis included 24 species representing 18 genera of the family Salicaceae s.l. Wurdack K.J., Davis C.C. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Salicaceae | Encyclopedia.com The ten silica-gel-dried materials were obtained from Harvard University Herbaria and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. species. genomes provide valuable and informative data sources for evolutionary biology and have been widely used in . Zong D., Gan P., Zhou A., Zhang Y., Zou X., Duan A., Song Y., He C. Plastome Sequences Help to Resolve Deep-Level Relationships of Populus in the Family Salicaceae. Taxonomic Signal and Noise in Multivariate Interpopulational Relationships in Populus mexicana (Salicaceae). Structural evolution and flip-flop recombination of chloroplast DNA in the fern genus Osmunda. Family: Salicaceae (willow family): Go Botany He concluded that the Salicaceae could be combined with the Flacourtiaceae, "perhaps as a tribe." ), willow (Salix spp. Influence of soil water on the physiological and morphological components of plant water balance in Populus trichocarpa, Populus deltoides and their F1 hybrids. The traditional family (Salicaceae sensu stricto) included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. In this study, we compare 24 species representing 18 genera of the family. Populus is valuable in shelter belts, in coppicing, and as a source of wood for pulping and for matches. narrowleaf willow. Golden Weeping Willow - Salix alba 'Tristis' Populus deltoides. However, the difference in plastid sequence, phylogenetic relationships, and lineage diversification of the family Salicaceae s.l. Pony, Montana. plants, Visit this family in the Vieira L.D.N., Helisson F., Marcelo R., Fraga H.P.D.F., Cardoso R.L.A., Emanuel Maltempi D.S., Fbio D.O.P., Rubens Onofre N., Miguel Pedro G. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Podocarpus lambertii: Genome structure, evolutionary aspects, gene content and SSR detection. Both XY and ZW sex determination systems have been reported in the dioecious species, indicating an amazingly diversified history of sex determination [4,5]. Salicaceae often has two-ranked or spiral leaves with stipules and toothed margins. Populus deltoides - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox
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